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Mathematics
(from the Chesapeake
Public Schools Secondary Student Guide)
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The mathematics
program of study provides students with the strong
mathematical knowledge and skills required to pursue higher
education, to compete in a technologically oriented
workforce, and to be informed citizens. Students will gain
an understanding of fundamental ideas in arithmetic,
measurement, geometry, probability, data analysis and
statistics, algebra and functions, as well as develop
proficiency in mathematics skills.
Graphing
utilities, spreadsheets, calculators, computers, and other
forms of electronic information technology are now standard
tools for mathematical problem solving in science,
engineering, business, and industry, government, and
everyday living. Hence, the use of technology must be an
integral part of teaching and learning. However, competence
in the use of technology shall not be regarded as a
substitute for a student’s understanding of quantitative
concepts and relationships or for proficiency in basic
computations.
The content of
the mathematics program is intended to support the following
five goals for students: (1) becoming mathematical
problem-solvers, (2) communicating mathematically, (3)
reasoning mathematically, (4) making mathematical
connections, and (5) using mathematical representations to
model and interpret practical situations.
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COURSE
DESCRIPTIONS |
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Algebra Foundations (403)
Level of Difficulty: Average
Credit:
1 Unit for a Modified Standard Diploma or 1 Elective Unit
Prerequisite :
Student in grade 9 with a grade of “D” or below in
Pre-algebra(485)
Course Description :
This course is provided for students demonstrating the
need for
additional preparation time before taking Algebra I.
Students will be actively
engaged, using concrete materials and appropriate
technologies such as calculators,
computers, spreadsheets, laser discs, and videos. A
strengthening of the student’s ability to problem solve
will be emphasized in this course. Students will
be helped to develop a wide range of skills and strategies
for solving a variety of
problem types. |
Algebra I (781)
Level of Difficulty :
Academic
Credit:
1
Unit
Prerequisite :
Pre-algebra (485) or Algebra Foundations (403)
Standard
of Learning End-of-Course Test: Yes
Course Description :
This course will help students make connections and build
relationships between algebra and arithmetic, geometry, and
probability and statistics.
Connections also will be made to other subject areas through
practical applications.
This approach to learning algebra will help students attach
meaning to
the abstract concepts of algebra. The course will require
students to use algebra as
a tool for integrating and solving a variety of practical
problems. Tables and graphs
will be used to interpret algebraic expressions, equations,
and inequalities as
well as to analyze functions. Matrices will be used to
organize and manipulate data.
Graphing calculators, computers, spreadsheets, and other
appropriate technology
will be used as tools to assist in problem solving.
Throughout the course,
students will be encouraged to talk about mathematics, to
use the language and
symbols of mathematics in representations and communication,
to discuss problems
and problem solving, and to develop confidence in
mathematics. |
Algebra I - Part A (761)
Level of Difficulty :
Average
Credit: 1
Unit
Prerequisite: Pre-algebra
(485) or Algebra Foundations (403)
Course Description: This
is the first course of a two-part program in Algebra I.
This course is designed for students who need algebra but
have difficulty with abstraction
and/or basic math skills. The content includes topics that
are learned in
the first half of Algebra I. Graphing calculators,
computers, spreadsheets, and other
appropriate technology will be used as tools to assist in
problem solving. Throughout
the course, students will be encouraged to talk about
mathematics, to use
the language and symbols of mathematics in representations
and communication,
to discuss problems and problem solving, and to develop
confidence
in mathematics.
Algebra I - Part B (762)
Level of Difficulty :
Academic
Credit:
1
Unit
Prerequisite: Algebra
I - Part A (761)
Standard
of Learning End-of-Course Test: Yes
Course Description :
This is the second course of the two-part program in Algebra
I. The content includes topics taught in the second half of
an Algebra I course.
Graphing calculators, computers, spreadsheets, and other
appropriate technology
will be used as tools to assist in problem solving.
Throughout the course,
students will be encouraged to talk about mathematics, to
use the language and
symbols of mathematics in representations and communication,
to discuss problems
and problem solving, and to develop confidence in
mathematics. |
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Geometry (783)
Level of Difficulty :
Academic
Credit:
1 Unit
Prerequisite :
Algebra I (781) or Algebra I - Part B (762)
Standard
of Learning End-of-Course Test: Yes
Course Description :
This course is designed for students who have successfully
completed Algebra I. This course includes the properties of
geometric figures,
trigonometric relationships, and reasoning to justify
conclusions. Methods of
justification include paragraph proofs, two-column proofs,
indirect proofs, coordinate
proofs, and verbal arguments. Inductive and intuitive
approaches to proof
as well as deductive axiomatic methods also are used. The
course objectives include
emphasis on two- and three-dimensional reasoning skills,
coordinate and transformational
geometry, and the use of geometric models to solve problems.
Calculators,
computers, graphing utilities, and dynamic geometry
software, and other
appropriate technology will be used as tools for
verification of solutions and for
exploration.
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Geometry - Part A (460)
Level of Difficulty :
Average
Credit:
1
Elective Unit
Prerequisite: Algebra
I (781) or Algebra I - Part B (762)
Course
Description:
This is the first course of a two-part program in geometry.
It is intended for students who have demonstrated difficulty
with abstractions
or algebraic thinking required to complete geometric proofs.
The content
includes topics found in the first half of geometry.
Calculators, computers, graphing
utilities, and dynamic geometry software, and other
appropriate technology
will be used as tools for verification of solutions and for
exploration.
Geometry
- Part B (461)
Level of Difficulty:
Average
Credit:
1 Unit
Prerequisite:
Geometry
Part A (460)
Standard
of Learning End-of-Course Test: Yes
Course Description :
This is the second course of a two-part program in geometry.
The content includes topics found in the second half of
geometry. Calculators,
computers, graphing utilities, and dynamic geometry
software, and other
appropriate technology will be used as tools for
verification of solutions and for
exploration. Students will be actively engaged in learning
using concrete materials
and appropriate technologies. This approach to geometry will
help students
apply geometric concepts to real-world applications. |
Algebra II (782)
Level of Difficulty :
Academic
Credit:
1
Unit
Prerequisite :
Geometry (783)
Standard
of Learning End-of-Course Test: Yes
Course Description :
A thorough treatment of advanced algebraic concepts is
provided
through the study of functions, “families of functions”,
equations, inequalities,
systems of equations and inequalities, polynomials, rational
expressions,
complex numbers, matrices, sequences and series. Emphasis
will be placed
on practical applications and modeling throughout the course
of study. Oral and
written communication concerning the language of algebra,
logic of procedures,
and interpretation of results also permeate this course.
Included is a thorough study in transformational graphing
using translation, reflection, dilation, and
rotation to generate a family of graphs from a given graph
demonstrating the connection
between algebraic and graphic representations of functions.
Graphing utilities,
computers, spreadsheets, and other appropriate technology
will be used as tools
to assist in learning and to enhance the understanding of
realistic applications through
modeling and to aid in the investigation of functions and
their inverses. |
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Algebra II – Part A (420)
Level of Difficulty :
Academic
Credit:
1
Elective Unit
Prerequisite:
Geometry (783) or Geometry - Part B (461)
Course Description :
This is the first course of a 2-part program of Algebra II.
The content contains topics covered in the
first half of Algebra II. Graphing utilities,
computers, spreadsheets, and other appropriate technology
will be used as tools
to assist in learning. Students will be actively engaged in
learning using concrete
materials and appropriate technologies.
Algebra II – Part B (421)
Level of Difficulty :
Academic
Credit:
1
Unit
Prerequisite :
Algebra II - Part A (420)
Standard
of Learning End-of-Course Test: Yes
Course Description :
This is the second course of a 2-part program of Algebra
II. The
content contains topics covered in the second half of
Algebra II. Graphing utilities,
computers, spreadsheets, and other appropriate technology
will be used as tools
to assist in learning. Students will be actively engaged in
learning using concrete
materials and appropriate technologies.
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| ADVANCED
AND ELECTIVE COURSES
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Mathematics for Personal Finance (422)
Level of Difficulty :
Average
Credit:
1
Unit for Modified Standard Diploma or 1 Elective Unit
Prerequisite: Algebra
1 (781) or Algebra 1- Part A (761)
Course Description :
This course includes topics of computing and understanding
taxes, preparing and balancing a personal/family budget,
managing debt
including retail and credit card debt, examining and
comparing various savings
options as well as identifying consumer rights and
responsibilities. Graphing
utilities, computers, spreadsheets, and other appropriate
technology will be
used as tools to assist in learning.
Computer Math Using the Graphing
Calculator (455)
Level of Difficulty :
Average
Credit:
1 Unit
Prerequisite: Algebra
I (781) or Algebra I - Part B (762)
Course Description :
To provide students with course materials that address
the Computer Mathematics Standards of Learning using the
graphing calculator
as the primary computing device. The revision of the
Computer Mathematics
standards in 2001 provided an opportunity to think about
mathematical
problem solving through computer programming while avoiding
the need
to dedicate a computer lab to the course. Because all high
schools already have
graphing calculators on hand, a computer mathematics course
that could be taught
using the programming capabilities of the graphing
calculator would allow any
interested high school to offer students the opportunity to
take Computer Mathematics. |
Trigonometry and Discrete Mathematics
(788)
Level of Difficulty :
Academic
Credit:
1
Unit
Prerequisite: Algebra
II (782) or Algebra II - Part B (421)
Course Description :
A thorough treatment of trigonometry is provided through
the study of trigonometric definitions, applications,
graphing, and solving trigonometric
equations and inequalities. Emphasis is placed on using
connections between
right triangle ratios, trigonometric functions and circular
functions. Graphing
utilities are used to enhance the understanding of realistic
applications through
modeling and to aid in the investigation of functions and
their inverses. Discrete
mathematics is the study of mathematical properties of sets
and systems that
have a countable (discrete) number of elements. With the
advent of modern technology,
discrete (discontinuous) models have become as important as
continuous
models. As students solve problems, they will analyze and
determine whether
or not a solution exists, investigate how many solutions
exist, and focus on finding
the best solution. Additionally, connections will be made to
other disciplines. |
Mathematical Analysis (785)
Level of Difficulty :
Academic
Credit:
1
Unit
Prerequisite: Trigonometry
and Discrete Mathematics (788)
Course Description :
This course is intended to develop student understanding
of algebraic and transcendental functions, parametric and
polar equations,
sequences and series and vectors. The content of this course
will serve as appropriate
preparation for a calculus course. Graphing calculators,
computers, and
other appropriate software will be used by students to
enhance their ability to use
technological tools for investigation, and exploration, to
make connections to the
real world, and for solving and verifying equations and
inequalities. |
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Calculus - Part A (163)
Level of Difficulty :
Academic
Credit:
1
Elective Unit
Prerequisite :
Trigonometry and Mathematical Analysis (162) or Mathematical
Analysis
(785)
Course Description :
This is an introductory course intended to provide college-bound
students with a working knowledge of the concepts of
calculus. Students
will study limits, continuity of functions, and the
derivative and its applications.
Graphing calculators, calculator-based labs,
calculator-based rangers,
probes, computer, and advanced software will be used by
students to enhance
their ability to use technological tools for investigation,
and exploration, as
well as to make connections to the real world. Emphasis will
be placed on applications
of differential calculus to the fields of business,
engineering, and technology.
Calculus - Part B (164)
Level of Difficulty :
Academic
Credit: 1
Unit
Prerequisite :
Calculus - Part A (163)
Course Description :
This is a continuation of the study of calculus concepts
begun in
Calculus - Part A. Students will study the definite integral
and its applications.
Graphing calculators, calculator-based labs,
calculator-based rangers,
probes, computer, and advanced software will be used by
students to enhance
their ability to use technological tools for investigation,
and exploration, as
well as to make connections to the real world. Emphasis will
be placed on applications
of differential calculus to the fields of business,
engineering, and technology. |
Advanced Placement Calculus - AB (789)
Level of Difficulty :
Advanced Placement
Credit:
1
Unit
Prerequisite :
Calculus (786) or a grade of “B” or above in
Mathematical Analysis
(785)
Course Description :
The purpose of this course is to prepare the student for
advanced
placement in college calculus. The material covered roughly
equals the mathematics
covered in a semester of calculus in college and is aligned
with The College
Board Advanced Placement Course Description Syllabus. This
course is intended
for students who have a thorough knowledge of analytic
geometry and elementary
functions in addition to college preparatory algebra,
geometry, and trigonometry.
Graphing calculators, calculator-based labs,
calculator-based rangers,
probes, computer, and advanced software will be used by
students to enhance
their ability to use technological tools for investigation,
and exploration, as
well as to make connections to the real world.
Advanced Placement Calculus - BC (793)
Level of Difficulty :
Advanced Placement
Credit:
1 Unit
Prerequisite :
Calculus (786) or Advanced Placement Calculus AB (789)
Course Description: The
purpose of the course is to prepare the student for advanced
placement in college calculus. The material covered roughly
equals the mathematics
covered in two semesters of calculus in college and is
aligned with The College
Board Advanced Placement Course Description Syllabus. This
course is intended
for students who have a thorough knowledge of analytic
geometry and elementary
functions in addition to college preparatory algebra,
geometry, and trigonometry.
Graphing calculators, calculator-based labs,
calculator-based rangers,
probes, computer, and advanced software will be used by
students to enhance
their ability to use technological tools for investigation,
and exploration, as
well as to make connections to the real world. |
Calculus (786)
Level of Difficulty :
Academic
Credit:
1 Unit
Prerequisite: Mathematical
Analysis (785) or Trigonometry & Mathematical Analysis
(162)
Course Description :
This course is intended for students who have a thorough
knowledge of analytic geometry and elementary functions. The
course provides
students with a study of limits, continuity of functions,
the derivative and its
applications, and the definite integral and its
applications. Graphing calculators,
calculator-based labs, calculator-based rangers, probes,
computer, and advanced
software will be used by students to enhance their ability
to use technological
tools for investigation, and exploration, as well as to make
connections
to the real world. This course can be used to prepare
students for the rigors
of Advanced Placement Calculus AB (789).
Computer Math Using the Graphing
Calculator (455)
Level of Difficulty :
Average
Credit:
1 Unit
Prerequisite: Algebra
I (781) or Algebra I - Part B (762)
Course Description :
To provide students with course materials that address
the Computer Mathematics Standards of Learning using the
graphing calculator
as the primary computing device. The revision of the
Computer Mathematics
standards in 2001 provided an opportunity to think about
mathematical
problem solving through computer programming while avoiding
the need
to dedicate a computer lab to the course. Because all high
schools already have
graphing calculators on hand, a computer mathematics course
that could be taught
using the programming capabilities of the graphing
calculator would allow any
interested high school to offer students the opportunity to
take Computer Mathematics. |
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Pre Advanced Placement Computer Science
(458)
Level of Difficulty :
Academic
Credit:
1 Unit
Prerequisite:
Algebra
I (781) or Algebra I - Part B (762)
Course Description :
This course is intended to provide students with experiences
in using computer programming techniques and skills to solve
problems which
can be set up as a mathematical models. Programming, ranging
from simple programs
involving only a few lines to complex programs with
subprograms, will permeate
the entire course and may include programming a graphing
calculator or scripting
a problem solution in a database or spreadsheet. Programming
concepts, problem-solving
strategies, and mathematical applications will be integrated
throughout
the course.
Advanced Placement Computer Science (750)
Level of Difficulty :
Advanced Placement
Credit:
1 Unit
Prerequisite :
Pre Advanced Placement Computer Science (458)
Course Description :
This is an advanced course in computer programming which
covers the topics required by The College Board Advanced
Placement Program.
The JAVA programming language is studied in detail. Programming
concepts, problem-solving strategies, and mathematical
applications will
be integrated through the course. Complex programming will
permeate the entire
course.
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Probability and Statistics (456)
Level of Difficulty :
Academic
Credit:
1
Unit
Prerequisite: Algebra
2 (782) or Algebra II- Part B (421)
Course Description :
The purpose of the course is to present basic concepts
and
techniques for collecting and analyzing data, drawing
conclusions, and making predictions.
Students will apply and interpret the logic of a hypothesis
testing procedure.
Tests will include large sample tests for proportion, mean,
difference between
two proportions, difference between two means (independent
and paired) and
Chi-square test for goodness of fit, homogeneity of
proportions, and independence.
This course can be used to prepare students for the rigors
of Advanced
Placement Statistics (161).
Advanced Placement Statistics (161)
Level of Difficulty :
Advanced Placement
Credit:
1
Unit
Prerequisite :
Trigonometry and Mathematical Analysis (162) or Mathematical
Analysis (785) or Probability and Statistics (456)
Course Description :
This is an advanced course with the purpose to cover topics
required by The College Board Advanced Placement Program.
Topics include techniques
for collecting and analyzing data, drawing conclusions, and
making predictions. |
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Math Links
Here are some sites that
offer help or educational sites related to mathematics. Some of the
sites are commercial sites. A listing of the site is NOT an
endorsement of the site or products that may be offered for sale at
that site. The listing is offered solely as possible resources for
the student and their parents.
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- McDougal
Littell ClassZone - Website for current text for Algebra 1,
Geometry, and Algebra 2. Access the text on-line, extra practice, and
other features. Requires the book ISBN and creating an account for
access.
- Prentice
Hall Mathematics - Tools for a Changing World - For students
enrolled in Geometry A and Geometry B. Student and teacher resources
avaible, and some other "neat" stuff link "Problem of
the Week", etc.
- Algebrahelp.com - a
commercial site which features lessons, worksheets, and other
information related to algebra.
- math.com - a commercial site with
a variety of information.
- Softronics Inc. - Home of
MSWLogo, which can be downloaded FREE.
- Logo
Foundation - "The Logo Foundation is a nonprofit educational organization
devoted to informing people about Logo and supporting them in their use of
Logo-based software and learning environments."
- Ask Dr. Math - Submit
a question for "Dr. Math". Sponsored by The
Math Forum.
- S.O.S. Mathematics -
Help from S.O.S. Mathematics, from Algebra to Calculus and beyond.
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| Of Interest to
Teachers
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